World Journal of Current Medical and Pharmaceutical Research
World Journal of Current Medical and Pharmaceutical Research (WJCMPR) is a double-blind Referred peer-reviewed tri-annual (from 2024 onwards), open-access international journal dedicated to the promotion of research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. WJCMPR publishes Research articles, Review articles, Case studies, and Short communication from broad areas like Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
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Formulation and evaluation of antiarthritic herbal chocolate: a review
Anti arthritic Herbal chocolate it is selected by medicinal herbs with proven anti inflammatory and antioxidant property such as Turmeric ( Curcuma Longa), Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) they are rich in flavonoids.They can enhance therapeutic efficacy through the synergestic antioxidant activity while improve patient safety to pleasant or good taste of chocolate. It is easy to chew and absorb easily in every humans. The formulated chocolate show significant inhibition of protein denaturation indicate potent antiarthritic potential.The formulations are evaluated by stability invitro antiarthritic acting protein denaturation and membrane stabilization assays.It is derived from the cocoa mixed fat. Sesame is herbal drug having some medicinal properties like anti arthritis property, antioxidant property. It can prevent rheumatoid arthritis Sesame used to improve the blood pressure and this sesame we have to formulate the chocolate for the extraction process. So, it is patient friendly and approach for manage the arthritis.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A brief review on premenstrual syndrome with common menstrual diseases
The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is often associated with emotional and physical symptoms that characterize premenstrual syndrome (PMS), a common cyclic condition affecting women in their young and middle reproductive years. Symptoms may include low mood, mood swings, headaches, fatigue, abdominal discomfort, and breast tenderness. Women with mild symptoms should be educated about healthy eating, reducing sodium and caffeine intake, engaging in regular exercise, and practicing stress-management techniques. Among all menstrual-related disorders, PMS contributes significantly to physical and psychological disruptions in women and their families. Approximately 90% of reproductive-age women report experiencing at least one symptom in the days preceding menstruation. These symptoms can influence behavior and overall well-being, affecting social, professional, and family life. Supportive strategies, such as maintaining a symptom diary, can assist in diagnosis and management. Treatment for mild PMS includes lifestyle modifications and, when necessary, pharmacological interventions. Nutritional supplements such as evening primrose oil and calcium may offer modest benefits. PMS affects an estimated 30–40% of women of reproductive age, although the severity and impact on daily functioning vary widely. In many developing countries, including India, menstruation is stigmatized, which often prevents women from seeking appropriate care for their physical and emotional symptoms.
A review on nanomaterials for cartilage repair: innovations in scaffold design and drug delivery
Cartilage damage and osteoarthritis remain major clinical challenges due to the tissue’s poor self-healing capacity and limited regenerative potential. Conventional treatments fail to restore native function, underscoring the need for advanced therapeutic strategies. Nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for cartilage repair because of their ability to mimic the extracellular matrix, provide structural support, and enable targeted drug delivery. This review highlights recent innovations in nanomaterial-based scaffolds and drug delivery systems for cartilage regeneration. Nanofibers and nanoscaffolds reproduce the fibrous structure of cartilage, while nanoparticles enable controlled release of growth factors, anti-inflammatory drugs, and genetic material. Hydrogels reinforced with nanomaterials offer injectable, bioactive environments, and nanocomposites provide mechanical stability alongside bioactivity. Advances in scaffold design, including biomimetic architectures, biofunctionalization, and 3D bioprinting, are enhancing integration and functional outcomes. Preclinical studies have demonstrated encouraging results in vitro and in vivo, while early clinical trials indicate translational potential. Future perspectives include the development of personalized 3D-printed scaffolds, multifunctional smart nanomaterials, and integration with regenerative medicine approaches. Collectively, nanotechnology represents a transformative platform for durable and functional cartilage repair.
Vithuvagai chooranam and its role in siddha management of male infertility: a comprehensive review.
Infertility is a growing global health concern, with male factors contributing to approximately 20–40% of cases. In the Siddha system of medicine, male infertility is referred to as Aan Maladu and is traditionally managed through formulations aimed at enhancing reproductive vitality. One such classical polyherbal formulation is Vithuvagai Chooranam (VVC), widely used to improve semen quality, increase virility, and support male reproductive health. This review explores both classical Siddha references and modern pharmacological evidence related to the efficacy of VVC. It comprises ten ingredients, including Vigna mungo, Sesamum indicum, Mucuna pruriens, Hygrophila auriculata, Curculigo orchioides, and Asparagus racemosus. These herbs are rich in bioactive compounds known for their spermatogenic, aphrodisiac, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Scientific studies support the role of these herbs in enhancing sperm count, motility, testosterone levels, and overall reproductive function. The formulation aligns with Siddha concepts of Udal thathukkal balance and Vali-Azhal-Iyyam regulation. Given its broad pharmacological profile and traditional utility, VVC represents a promising and safe natural alternative for managing male infertility. However, further experimental and clinical validation is essential to substantiate its therapeutic claims and integrate it into evidence-based reproductive healthcare.
Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Athimathuram Chooranam: An In Vitro Study
Background: Infectious diseases remain a significant global health burden by rising threat to antibiotic resistance. According to Siddha literature, Athimathura Chooranam is a traditional herbal remedy that is used to relieve nausea, vomiting,head ache, Pitham and body itching. Aim/Objective The aim of the study is to investigate the Anti-microbial activity of Athimathura Chooranam against various micro-organisms and to determine its potential as a natural antimicrobial agent against various pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC29213), Bacillus cereus(Clinical Cochin University), Klebsiella pneumonia(ATCC-700603),Escherichia coli(ATCC 25922)and Candida albicans (Clinical Cochin University).Methods Athimathura Chooranam was tested by agar-well diffusion method.The medium was prepared by using Mueller Hinton Agar and Sabouraud dextrose media which was subsequently autoclaved. Results The Anti-microbial activity of Athimathuram Chooranam was assessed against five microbial cultures: two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus), two gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae), and one fungal Strain (Candida albicans). The Chooranam was tested at concentrations of 25mg/mL and 50mg/mL.It showed significant zone of inhibitions of 18 mm for Staphylococcus aureus,16mm for Bacillus cereus,24 mm for Klebsiella pneumoniae,25 mm for Escherichaicoli, and 23 mm for Candida albicans. This indicates that Athimathuram Chooranam exhibits antimicrobial properties against a broad Spectrum of microbial organisms.
A study on the effectiveness of various treatment approaches for bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis is a major cause of hospitalisation in infants, and its management varies widely across clinical settings. This observational study, conducted at SVS Medical College & Hospital over six months with 80 patients, assessed treatment patterns and outcomes. Bronchiolitis was most common in infants aged 5–8 months, with a higher incidence in males and rural populations, and mild disease was predominant. Treatment showed significant variation: intravenous fluids, especially dextrose normal saline with potassium supplementation, were frequently used to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance; parenteral antibiotics such as Augmentin were selectively administered when bacterial infection was suspected; and oral therapies including paracetamol, ambroxol, and vitamin D3 drops provided symptomatic relief. Saline nasal drops were universally prescribed, highlighting their essential role in airway clearance, while nebulised budesonide and salbutamol were used occasionally depending on severity. Heated Humidified High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HHHFNC) therapy was identified as the main supportive intervention, enhancing oxygenation and reducing respiratory distress. Overall, the combination of parenteral fluids, oral medications, nasal saline drops, and supportive care led to shorter hospital stays and quicker recovery, whereas reliance solely on supportive care and saline drops without targeted therapies was associated with extended hospitalisation. These findings emphasise the importance of integrated, evidence-based management strategies in bronchiolitis.
Heated Humidified High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HHHFNC)
Quality control parameters and safety profile of siddha herbal formulation: pirandai vadagam.
Introduction: Pirandai Vadagam is a traditional Siddha herbal formulation recommended for managing digestive disturbances and inflammatory disorders. It is prepared using thirteen medicinal ingredients. Establishing reliable quality control standards is crucial to ensure its safety, efficacy, and therapeutic consistency.Objective: The present study was undertaken to develop and validate quality control parameters for Pirandai Vadagam. Methods: The formulation was subjected to evaluation of organoleptic characters, physicochemical properties, heavy metal content, aflatoxin levels, and microbial load. Results: The physicochemical analysis revealed that the loss on drying at 105 °C, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and water-soluble extractive values were 15.38%, 6.18%, 0.93%, and 119.25%, respectively. Microbial counts and aflatoxin levels were found to be within the permissible pharmacopoeial limits. Likewise, the concentrations of heavy metals were within the safe threshold values. Discussion and Conclusion: The established physicochemical parameters of Pirandai Vadagam fall within acceptable standards, indicating stability, purity, and favorable solubility that may enhance bioavailability. The absence of harmful levels of contaminants, heavy metals, and toxins supports the safety of this formulation, thereby justifying its continued use in Siddha clinical practice.
Socio-demographic correlates of perception and awareness of out-of-pocket health expenditures among household heads in gwagwalada area council, abuja, nigeria
In Nigeria, the healthcare financing landscape is dominated by out-of-pocket (OOP) payments. Although the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) was launched in 1999 to mitigate financial hardship, its optional and limited coverage leaves many Nigerians vulnerable. This study aimed to assess the perception, awareness of OOP health expenditures and to explore their associations with socio-demographic characteristics among household heads in Gwagwalada Area Council, Abuja. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 255 household heads using a cluster sampling method. Data were collected via interviewer-assisted questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics were computed, and Chi-square tests were employed to identify associations at a 5% significance level. The majority of respondents were male (86.3%), married (63.9%), and had attained tertiary education (44.3%). About 97.6% viewed OOP health spending unfavorably. Awareness was generally high (81.2%), but significantly lower among respondents from low socio-economic classes (p<0.05). Only 32.5% were enrolled in NHIS. Socio-demographic factors such as age, education, and religion significantly influenced both perception and awareness (p<0.05). High levels of perception and awareness of OOP expenditures exist among household heads particularly among low-income groups. To enhance healthcare utilization and financial protection, targeted policy efforts are needed to expand NHIS coverage and address socio-economic disparities.
Role of probiotics in human health and its applications
This review is aimed to explore the health beneficial effects of probiotics which are live microorganisms that provide a positive health influence on humans when taken in sufficient quantity. Lactic acid bacteria, bifidobacteria, and yeast are frequently used as probiotics. Microorganisms occupy a prominent position in the industrial sector due to their unique properties, such as the limited time and space required for their growth and proliferation, as well as their easy manipulation of the genetic material. Among all the microorganisms, probiotics have grabbed the attention of researchers because of their non pathogenic nature and immersive application in treating digestive ailments and vitamin deficiency, boosting immunity, and detoxifying harmful chemicals. Probiotics, like lactic acid bacteria, are non- pathogenic microbes that exert health benefits to the host when administered in adequate quantity. Currently, research is being conducted on the molecular events and applications of probiotics. Considering the functional properties, probiotics are being used in the dairy, beverage, and baking industries. Thus, the potential of probiotics can efficiently be utilized on a commercial scale in food processing industries. Hence, probiotics have become an alternative to several drugs including antibiotics. In addition, probiotic efficacy also depends on the delivery system as the delivery agents help the bacteria to survive in the harsh environment of the human gut. This review explored a portrait of the beneficial effects of probiotics on human health. Probiotics have become increasingly popular over the past two decades due to the continuously expanding scientific evidence indicating their beneficial effects on human health. Therefore, they have been applied in the food industry to produce functional food, which plays a significant role in human health and reduces disease risk.
Physicochemical, Phytochemical and Gcms Analysis of Siddha Medicine Peenisa Chooranam in the Treatment of azhal Thalainokkadu
Azhal Thalainokkadu is a disease that can be correlated with the signs and symptoms of rhinitis, headache, pain in the ears and pain over the sinuses. Peenisa Chooranam (PC) is indicated in the dosage of Verukadi alavu (1.5 grams) for 28 days with the anubhanam lukewarm water for the conditions Peenisangal, Nasi naatram and Nasi raththam. To ensure the quality and efficacy, standardisation of the medicines is essential. In such a way that the present study attempts to provide insight into the preliminary analyses. Place of study: The studies Physico-Chemical analysis, Phytochemical analysis and GCMS analysis of PC were performed at Analytical chemistry lab, Research and Developmental Wing for ISM, AAGHIM campus, Arumbakkam, Chennai - 106. Methodology: The study medicine Peenisa Chooranam (PC) was prepared as per the literature, study as performed as per PLIM guidelines and results were analysed. Result: Brown-coloured dried powder shows the correct ingredients as per the literature. Physicochemical analysis shows 06.50% of the total ash value, 03.90% moisture content, and 5.47 pH. Phytochemical analysis shows the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, lignin and other constituents. GCMS analysis shows the presence of piperine with the highest peak area percentage, followed by other compounds. Conclusion: From this study it is concluded that the study is evidence of quality of formulation and preparation with its active constituents. It can be used to evaluate the authenticity of Peenisa Chooranam to further quality content research with recent analytical tools.
A Review on: Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS)
Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS) is a rare mitochondrial disorder characterized by progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO), pigmentary retinopathy, and cardiac conduction defects, typically presenting before the age of 20. It results from large-scale deletions or mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), leading to impaired oxidative phosphorylation and decreased ATP production, especially in high-energy-demand tissues such as the eyes, heart, brain, and muscles. KSS follows a non-Mendelian, usually sporadic pattern of inheritance due to the unique properties of mtDNA. Patients often experience ptosis, muscle weakness, hearing loss, cerebellar ataxia, short stature, endocrine dysfunctions, and cognitive decline. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, supported by genetic testing, muscle biopsy, and imaging studies. Although there is no cure, treatment is supportive, including pacemaker implantation for cardiac issues, ptosis surgery, hormone replacement, and supplements like coenzyme Q10 and carnitine. KSS can overlap with other mitochondrial syndromes, including Pearson syndrome and progressive external ophthalmoplegia as isolated presentations. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary management are critical for improving quality of life and minimizing complications.
Progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO)
Evaluation of Antimicrobial activity and Microbial load of the Polyherbal Siddha formulation Sangkaaravairavan
Introduction: Sangkaara Vairavan (SV) is a polyherbal Siddha formulation composed of nine ingredients. Herbal medicines are often susceptible to microbial contamination, which can compromise their therapeutic benefits or even pose toxic effects. Aim: To scientifically assess the efficacy of Sangkaara Vairavan (SV) by evaluating its microbial contamination and antimicrobial properties. Study design Place of study: The microbial load and anti-microbial activity were examined at the Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine in Chennai, which is accredited by NABH and NABL. Methodology: Sangkaara Vairavan was prepared traditionally according to the Standard Operating Procedure and formed into 130mg pills using ginger juice concentrate. Microbial load assessment was conducted using pour plate method following WHO standards with serial dilutions on selective media. Specific pathogenic bacteria were identified using biochemical tests. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using agar well diffusion method against five clinical isolates. Hydroalcoholic extracts (50-150 mg/ml) were tested with standard antibiotic controls, measuring inhibition zones. Results: No contamination detected: Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, Salmonella spp., S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa were absent. Total bacterial and fungal counts remained within permissible limits. SV demonstrated notable antimicrobial activity across all tested strains, producing clear inhibitory zones that compared favourably to those of Ampicillin, Norfloxacin, and Amphotericin. Conclusion:SV is both microbiologically safe (free from major pathogens and within limits for overall microbial load) and exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy. These findings support its therapeutic potential and warrant deeper pharmacological investigation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sasirekha. R, Sanjana.G, Chitra.U, Menaka.R, Sudhamathi Pushparaj.K https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of physicochemical parameters and heavy metal content of the siddha formulation vengara chunnam
Background: Vengara Chunnam is a herbo-mineral Siddha formulation which is commonly used in the management of Urinary disorders such as Anuria, Urolithiasis, Scanty Micturition, Stricture urethra, and albuminuria. So, it is essential to evaluate the safety and purity of the formulation before it is therapeutically used. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the physicochemical parameters and Heavy metal Analysis of the formulation Vengara Chunnam (VC). Methodology: The physicochemical parameters, like Acid-insoluble ash, Total ash, Moisture content, & pH of Vengara Chunnam were analysed. Heavy metals were analysed by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) Method. The results were observed and tabulated. The results were tabulated as per PLIM guidelines for standardization of Indian Medicine. Result: The result of sample Vengara Chunnam shows white-colour, fine powdered Chunnam with a very mild odour. The physicochemical parameters of VC show that the total ash value is 87.53%, acid insoluble ash is 8.88%, the moisture content is 0.30% and pH Value is 5.7. Heavy metal analysis of Vengara Chunnam reveals existence of metals like Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, and Mercury were found in minimal amounts as per WHO guidelines. Conclusion: The study findings show that the sample VC has all properties of Chunnam as per PLIM guidelines. Thus, the study of medicine Vengara Chunnam will be beneficial in treating diseases and supports further research.
Heavy metal, Physico chemical, Siddha, Vengara Chunnam
Copyright (c) 2025 Saranya N, Menaka R https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ECO-Logic Reactions: Shaping the Future of Sustainable Molecular Science
In the era of environmental urgency, chemistry is undergoing a profound transformation—from efficiency-focused innovation to sustainability-centered solutions. This review explores the concept of eco-logic reactions, a progressive branch of molecular science that merges synthetic efficiency with ecological mindfulness. Rooted in the 12 principles of green chemistry, these reactions prioritize atom economy, non-toxic reagents, energy conservation, and minimal waste production. The manuscript highlights key eco-conscious innovations such as biocatalysis, organocatalysis, photocatalysis, and solvent-free reactions, offering practical examples that illustrate the shift from traditional practices toward cleaner and safer methodologies. Particular attention is given to solvent engineering, renewable feedstocks, and circular chemistry, emphasizing how the use of biomass, CO₂ utilization, and waste-to-chemical processes redefine sustainability in labs and industries. Moreover, the review discusses process intensification strategies like flow chemistry, mechanochemistry, and the integration of AI/ML for reaction optimization. Greenness metrics and life cycle assessments are also explored as tools to quantify and compare eco-efficiency. Applications in drug discovery, polymer science, and material innovation show how eco-logic principles are revolutionizing real-world production while aligning with global environmental goals. Additionally, regulatory support, educational integration, and collaborative frameworks are emphasized as vital drivers for mainstream adoption. This review aims to serve as a roadmap for chemists, educators, and policymakers invested in advancing a cleaner, smarter, and more sustainable future through the lens of eco-logic chemistry.
Identification, assessment and reporting of suspected Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) to Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) and Anti-tubercular therapy (ATT) in a community care centre at Warangal
Adverse effects of drugs are the main source of morbidity and mortality among the outpatients and inpatients. The objective of the study was to identify, assess and report suspected Adverse Drug Reactions in patients who are diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV-AIDS) patients with and without tuberculosis (TB). This was a prospective observational study conducted for a period of six months to explore the significant ADRs caused by Anti-Retroviral and Anti-Tubercular drugs in patients visiting the community care center at Warangal who are diagnosed with HIV-AIDS with or without Tuberculosis as co-infection. In our study, we enrolled 144 patients and a total of 514 ADRs were identified in 125 patients. The most common ADR observed in our study was peripheral neuropathy in 61 patients, followed by vomitings, weakness, anorexia, myalgia, diarrhea, and itching. The ART regimen Stavudine+Lamivudine+Efavirenz (STV+LMV+EFV) was found to be most commonly involved in about 138 ADRs, whereas the regimen Zidovudine+Lamivudine+Nevirapine (ZDV+LMV+NVP) was found to be having the least incidence rate of ADRs. Causality assessment was made using the WHO probability scale and Naranjo’s Scale and 340 (66.14%) and 346 (67.31%) ADRs were classified into Possible respectively. The severity of ADRs were assessed using Hartwig scale and 376 (67.50%) ADRs were classified into Moderate and 138 (26.84%) into Mild ADRs. The findings of our study showed that a huge number of ADRs were experienced by the patients who are receiving ART and ATT which is a major cause for medication Non-compliance and discontinuation of the therapy. Therefore, close monitoring and reporting of ADRs are needed in these patients who are receiving ART and ATT.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV-AIDS) and Causality
Blepharospasm is any abnormal contraction or twitch of the eyelid. the condition should be distinguished from the more common, and milder, Involuntaryquivering of an eyelid, known as myokymia. Benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) is craniofacial dyskinesia characterized by repeated, involuntary contractions of the orbicularisoculi, procerus, and corrugator muscles. The mechanism underlying benign essential blepharospasm is not yet clearly understood but is thought to be multifactorial, with a likely genetic component and an environmental trigger. It has been suggested that BEB may be partly due to abnormalities in the basal ganglia and dopaminergic system involving a subclinical loss of striatal dopamine.
A Review on Herbal Drug Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus
This review focuses on the study of herbal drugs used in Diabetes mellitus treatment. Diabetes mellitus becomes a common metabolic disorder that poses a serious threat to the world's public health. Approximately 60 percent of the world's population use traditional medicines derived from medicinal plants. Due to lower side effects and low cost, herbal formulations are favored. Synonymous with herbal medicine, phytomedicine or botanical medicine, plants are used for medicinal purposes. Herbal selection may depend on a number of factors, including the stage of diabetes progression, the types of comorbidities that patients have, availability, affordability, and herbal safety profile. A list is compiled of medicinal plants with proven antidiabetic and related beneficial effects and herbal medicines used in diabetes treatment.
A REVIEW ON CHEMOTHERAPY INDUCED COMPLICATIONS IN CANCER PATIENTS
Even with the evolution of chemotherapeutic procedures and agents, chemotherapy may cause certain side effects that impair the patients’ quality of life. The aim of this review is to isolate and describe the side effects arising only from chemotherapy. This paper comprises an extensive review of the main side effects affecting the health status of patients undergoing chemotherapy procedures. In addition, Cancer patients experience a variety of symptoms that can be physical or psychological. These symptoms may vary in terms of occurrence, severity, and distress and can be the result of the illness or the treatment.
An Overview of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic disease. It is caused by an RNA virus in wild and domestic mammals, birds and ticks. It is the family of Bunyaviridae from the Arbovirus group. The main vector and reservoir of the CCHF virus are hard-body ticks principally of the Hyalommagenus. The Hyalomma tick bite infection has the highest rate of nosocomial transmission especially due to direct human to human contact. India reported its first CCHF case in the year 2011 from Ahmadabad, Gujarat. Since then, several sporadic cases and outbreaks of CCHF have been reported the most from Gujarat and few from Rajasthan and the Uttar Pradesh States of India. Animals do not show clinical signs but may act as a source of infection for humans. The virus is transmitted from animals to humans either by direct contact with the blood or tissue of infected animals. Laboratory tests used to diagnose CCHF include reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR, immunofluorescence assay (IFA), antibody (IgG, IgM) and antigen-capture ELISA, and isolation of the virus. Ribavirin acts as an effective anti-viral agent against CCHFV by inhibiting its replication. Supportive therapy including the administration of erythrocytes, thrombocytes, and fresh frozen plasma acts as an important strategy to control CCHF at an early stage.
AN OVERVIEW ON EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES OF BIOACTIVE PHYTOCEUTICALS- PLAI PLANT
Medicinal plants are gaining more importance these days as it can provide better treatment alternative for many common diseases with less side effects. One such herbPlai- Zingibercassumunar of Zingiberaceae family proved to have many pharmacological actions like anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, cytotoxic etc. Various extraction methods for its rhizomes are getting more interest as it constitutes numerous photochemical constituents to elicit various actions. Any studies on medicinal plants start with their extraction methods and thus different types of extraction methods are available today. Hence this review focus on comparison of most common extraction methods for various active constituents from rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar.
A Review on Pharmacological Activities of Alkaloids
Alkaloids are a category of molecules in nature around the globe with a relatively large occurrence. These are chemicals and biomolecules that are very complex. Alkaloids are compounds of a very diverse class of secondary plant metabolites; alkaloids, such as anticholinergics, antitumor, diuretic, antiviral, antihypertensive, antiulcer, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory, have been linked to the extensive list of biological activities. The basic character of alkaloids allows salts to be formed with mineral acids or organic acids, alkaloid salts are usually soluble in water and dilute alcohols, and are not soluble in organic solvents except in rare cases. This research is carried out mainly in the context and classification of alkaloids and alkaloids pharmacological practices.
CASE REPORT ON SEIZURE WITH CO ADMINISTRATION OF LEVOFLOXACIN AND THEOPHYLINE
Case Summary: An 84-year-old man was admitted to the hospital due to seizure episodes. One week before the patient was admitted to the same hospital with complaints of COPD exacerbation and was discharged with a prescription of levofloxacin, theophylline ceftriaxone, pantaprazole, montelukast, methylprednisolone, budesonide nebulization, ipratropium bromide nebulization, and syrup codylex. After receiving one dose of oral levofloxacin, the patient experienced a seizure. The patient was hyperglycaemic at the time of admission and had no history of a seizure disorder. Discussion: Here the cause of seizure could be a drug-drug interaction (between theophylline and levofloxacin) with CYP1A2 substrates with no epileptogenic effects which could augment the concentration of levofloxacin and consequently results in seizures. In spite of that, it has to be kept in mind that the drug-drug interactions originate at various pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic levels and that drugs CYP affinities are rarely completely CYP-specific. Thus levofloxacin may have drug interactions at the level of CYPs other than CYP1A2. Conclusion: the clinicians are advised to closely monitor the possibility of seizures in COPD patients who+ are taking both levofloxacin and theophylline. The physicians should also be encouraged to use the techniques of TDM to individualize the dose of narrow therapeutic drugs to avoid serious adverse effects.
Review on Drug Utilization Pattern in Outpatient General Department
Drug utilization reviews DUR also referred to be as drug utilization evaluation DUE . It is defined as authorized, structured. Ongoing review of healthcare provider prescribing pharmacist dispensing and patient use of medication. Drug utilization reviews involve a detailed review of patient’s prescription and medication data before, during dispensing and after dispensing to ensure appropriate medication decisions making and positive patient outcomes. World health organization (WHO) defines drug utilization review as authorized research as the marketing, distribution, prescription and use of drug in a society, with a special emphasis on the resulting medical, social, and economic sequences. Inherent in the definition, such studies provide logical background for determining the rationality of drug use as well as providing the evidence based guidance for making the policies and making decisions at various levels of health care. This review studies are Aimed to discuss in detail on drug utilization pattern in out patient general department.
PLANTS AND PHYTOCONSTITUENTS HAVING SUNSCREEN ACTIVITY
Sunscreens are those preparation which are rubbed on to the skin surface for the purpose of protection from the harmful UV radiations from the sun. Exposure to those radiations can results in harmful effects such as cancer, edema, varied pigmentation and erythema as a result of DNA damage. Majority of organic chemicals used in sunscreen formulations have not been established as safe. Natural sunscreens gained importance over synthetic ones due to their less side effects, greater protection and easy availability. A wide range of natural products derived from plants, algae and propolis have shown potential photoprotective effect. Natural compounds including flavonoids, cinnamates,polyphenols,carotenoids,anthocyanins,triterpenoid saponins have shown desired Sun Protection Factor (SPF) in addition to anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant property.
Knowledge, Attitudes and Reported Practices of Dental Students in Omer-Almokhtar University Regarding Tobacco Effects on Oral Cavity Health
Background: Tobacco use is risk factor causes of preventable death in the world. Oral health professions provide multiple opportunities for interventions throughout their careers that could lessen tobacco correlated diseases. Three factors knowledge, attitudes and behaviour are thought to play a starring role in determining the extent of tobacco use between patients and help dental clinicians to implement smoking cessation policy. Present study aimed to determine dental student's level of knowledge, awareness and practice regarding tobacco use and students/ dentists’ role in tobacco cessation.Subjects and methods; A total of 160 students were recruited from Faculty of Dentistry, Omer- Almokhter university, and surveyed using an anonymous self administered questionnaire. This questionnaire was based on intensive literature review. Cross-section study design was applied using a structured questionnaire which included data related to personal characteristics and assessment of KAP of participants.Results: one hundred eight students responded with (82.4%) were females and 17.6 % were males. That majority of responding students had high level of knowledge attainment on tobacco with the exception of knowledge about smokeless tobacco which was inadequate. Although, most students (92.6%) agreed that dentist has an important role in tobacco control and training regarding tobacco effects is sufficient to allow them to help their patients to quit smoking, only 56.6% give advices to their patients. The prevalence of smokers among students was low (4%).Recommendation Education about tobacco effects necessity involved in the curriculum from first year. Students should be given training about smoking cessation and counselling techniques and must be motivated to play their role in patients’ education regarding smoking.
A Compartive Study of Dengue Verses Malaria in Tertiary Care Hospital versus Government Hospital
In an attempt we are assessing a clinical study, knowledge, awareness and preventive measures acknowledgment of Communicable Diseases such as Dengue and Malaria among patients in Tertiary Care Hospital Versus Government Hospital in Khammam, to compare the probability of communicable disease such as Dengue and Malaria in selected Hospital. To compare the prevalence of Dengue and Malaria among Urban and Rural people in selected hospitals. The present study was a multi-cantered prospective observational study conducted in Mamatha General Hospital and Khammam Government Hospital, Khammam, Telangana, India. The total number of cases collected during the study period 6 months was 500. A multi-centered prospective observational study. The major finding of this study is that the probability of Communicable diseases such as Malaria and Dengue among patients. In this study the population is 500, the highest Prevalence is Dengue i.e. 465(93%) than Malaria i.e. 35(7%). In these Female patients are high i.e. 252 compared to Male i.e. 248. According to study evaluation females are more affected. The occurrence of Dengue is observed in the Age group of 41-50 years i.e. 90 patients. The Rural group related patients i.e. 342 are more when compared to urban group related patients i.e. 158. The present multi-centered prospective observational study was conducted in subjects(n=500) from inpatients of Department of General Medicine, Mamatha General Hospital and Khammam Government Hospital, Khammam, Telangana, India, to assess the Probability of Malaria and Dengue, Knowledge assessment among patients about Malaria and Dengue, and also Acknowledging the patients about Dengue and Malaria.
Migraine is one among the foremost prevalent and disabling disorders, characterized by recurrent headache attacks with nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia. Nerivio Migra may be a breakthrough device for acute treatment of migraines. Attached to the patient's arm (below the shoulder), it's a clinically-tested wearable suited to be worn everywhere and at any time. Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and triptans, commonly used for acute migraine treatment3, may be ineffective, poorly tolerated, contraindicated, and if used in excess, may lead to medication overuse headache there is a great unmet need for alternative acute migraine treatments that are both effective and well tolerated. Non-invasive neuromodulation is safe, well tolerated, and may have fewer adverse effects than drugs. Remote electrical neuromodulation (REN) may be a novel acute migraine treatment that stimulates upper arm peripheral nerves to induce conditioned pain modulation (CPM)-an endogenous analgesia mechanism during which conditioning stimulation inhibits pain in remote body regions.
photophobia Remote electrical neuromodulation
A Study on Drug Utilization Pattern in Outpatient General Department
Introduction: Drug utilization Review (DUR) also referred to be as drug utilization evaluation (DUE) and Drug utilization Pattern (DUP). It is defined as ongoing, authorized and systemic quality improvement process. WHO in 1977 defines drug utilization as “The marketing, distribution, prescription and use of drug in a society with special emphasis on resulting medical, social and economic consequences”. Drug utilization studies evaluate drug use at a population level, According to age, sex, social class. They provide feedback on drug utilization data to the prescribers. DUP Involves a comprehensive review of patient’s prescription and medication data before, during, and after dispensing to ensure appropriate medication decisions making and positive patient outcomes. Drug utilization pattern play a significant role in helping the healthcare system to understand, explain and improve the prescribing administration the use of medications. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics in general department differs in various age groups. The ultimate goal is to achieve rational and effective pharmaceutical care to the general department patients. This has resulted in a clarification of their uses, wider indications, and alternative methods of delivery. DU studies become one of the power full tools in evaluation of health system. Method: we conducted a single cantered observational and prospective analysis in general department patients age between 10-80 years at Sri sai niharika nursing home, old palnadu bus stand, narasaraopet. A total number of 1648 prescriptions were recorded. The drug data such as name of the drug, dosage-form, dosing frequency, route of administration were also noted. The results were presented as percentage. Conclusion: This study provides the information about the prescribing patterns of drug in general department patients. And conclude the role of clinical pharmacist is vital to be an integral part well as to clear the irrational use of drugs in general department. Pharmaceutical care is needed in the correct management of drugs which is even more important in case of general patients. The WHO core indicators helped to improvise the prescribing pattern, identify significant problems involved in the knowledge gap of patients or care takers understanding of instructions provided by consultants and even to minimize the cost burden on the patients.
A Prospective Randomised Study on Prevalence and Awareness of Self Medication of Analgesics among Teritiary Care Hospital
self- medication is described as obtaining and consuming one (or) more drugs or medications without the advice of physician either for diagnosis, prescription (or) surveillance of the treatment. The main aim of research is to estimate the prevalence of self- medication of analgesics among hospitalized patients along with causes of illness and symptoms that lead to self-medication. The study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital .a total sample of 226 subjects was investigated by using a self- questionnaire form .based on findings the prevalence of irrational use of analgesics are about 65% of females (n=144) and 37% of males (n=82).self -medication was more prevalent among age group above 45years in which female are in greater use. self -medication is most commonly used in participants who are having joint pains (51%), muscle pains (29%), head ache (28%), back pain (21%),.among them 21.26% are having confidence on knowledge about medication. During self -medication with analgesics patients stop taking medicine after symptoms disappeared(62.30%),a few days after recovery (13.11%),after completion of course (18.85%),after consulting doctor /pharmacist (4.92%).over use of analgesics causes kidney and heart problems .72.72%does not know causes and uses analgesics frequently of the total participants only 43.52%are in aware that pharmacist will explain about medication usage. This research is carried out mainly in the context to raise awareness of the dangers of self -medication of analgesics. There is need to aware public that pharmacist can explain about drugs, their side effects.
EVALUATION OF ETHANOLIC ROOT EXTRACT OF ALLIUM CEPA. L FOR ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES IN ANIMAL MODELS
Objectives: This present study was envisaged to identify the effect of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity forethanolic root extract of Allium cepa L. Methodology: The study was carried out using Sprague- Dawley rats (250- 300g) and Albino mice (25- 30g). Diclofenac sodium and Tramadol are the standard drugs, was prepared by dissolving in distilled water to make the concentration of 10mg/kg and 20mg/kg for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity respectively. The effect of ethanolic extract of A.cepa L root was investigated for analgesic activity using tail immersion method. The anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic root extract of A.cepa was studied using carrageenan-induced paw edema to the rats.Results: The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan method in Sprague- Dawley rats. The anti-inflammatory activity was found to be dose dependent in carrageenan induced paw edema model. The ethanolic extract has shown highly significant (p<0.001) percentage of inhibition of paw edema, 57.43% and 60.56% at 5th hour at the low dose and high dose, respectively. Whereas analgesic activity was studied using tail immersion method in mice. The ethanolic root extract was shown highly significant (p<0.001) analgesic activity with standard drug and high dose but, low dose showed less significant (p<0.05) analgesic activity. Conclusions: The findings of the present study concluded that A.cepa L roots have potential to treat pain and inflammation and as a good source, novel natural analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents. The ethanolic extract of A.cepa L root showed highly significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity in mice and rats respectively.