World Journal of Current Medical and Pharmaceutical Research
World Journal of Current Medical and Pharmaceutical Research (WJCMPR) is a double-blind Referred peer-reviewed tri-annual (from 2024 onwards), open-access international journal dedicated to the promotion of research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. WJCMPR publishes Research articles, Review articles, Case studies, and Short communication from broad areas like Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
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A STUDY TO ASSESS THE STATIN THERAPY ADHERENCE AND ITS IMPACT ON LIPID PROFILE AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN PATIENTS WITH DYSLIPIDEMIA
Dyslipidemia is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Statins are the first-line pharmacological agents used for lipid lowering and cardiovascular risk reduction. However, the effectiveness of statin therapy largely depends on patient adherence to medication. Poor adherence can lead to inadequate lipid control and increased cardiovascular risk. Therefore, assessing medication adherence and its impact on lipid profile and cardiovascular risk is essential in clinical practice.Objectives:The study aimed to evaluate medication adherence to statin therapy and to assess its impact on lipid profile parameters and cardiovascular risk among patients with dyslipidemia.A prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital involving 100 patients diagnosed with dyslipidemia and receiving statin therapy. Data on demographics, comorbidities, and statin dose were collected using a structured data collection form. Medication adherence was assessed using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8), and patients were categorized into high, medium, and low adherence groups. Lipid profile parameters (TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG), were recorded at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Cardiovascular risk was evaluated using ASCVD risk score and Framingham risk score. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods.The majority of patients were middle-aged and elderly, with a higher proportion of males. A significant number of patients had comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Atorvastatin 40 mg was the most commonly prescribed dose. Based on MMAS-8 scoring, patients were categorized into high, medium, and low adherence groups. A progressive improvement in lipid profile parameters was observed over the study period, with reductions in total cholesterol, LDL-C, and TG, along with a modest increase in HDL-C levels. Patients with higher adherence demonstrated better lipid control compared to those with lower adherence. In addition, cardiovascular risk assessment showed a gradual shift from higher risk categories to lower risk categories based on ASCVD and Framingham scores during follow-up.The study demonstrates that medication adherence plays a critical role in achieving optimal lipid control and reducing cardiovascular risk among patients receiving statin therapy. Higher adherence is associated with better improvement in lipid parameters. These findings highlight the importance of improving patient awareness, adherence monitoring, and regular follow-up to enhance the effectiveness of statin therapy and reduce cardiovascular complications.
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A CASE STUDY ON POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN DISEASE (PCOD) AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH AGE, SLEEP, AND DIETARY PATTERNS IN BARGARH, ODISHA, INDIA
Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD) is one of the most prevalent endocrine and metabolic disorders affecting women of reproductive age and has emerged as a major public health concern worldwide. The disorder is characterized by hormonal imbalance, irregular ovulation, ovarian cyst formation, insulin resistance, obesity, infertility, and psychological disturbances. Lifestyle-related factors such as poor dietary habits, inadequate sleep, stress, and sedentary behaviour have been increasingly associated with the occurrence and severity of PCOD. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of PCOD and examine its relationship with age, sleep patterns, and dietary habits among women in the Bargarh area of Odisha, India. A survey-based prospective study was conducted for four months from December 2025 to March 2026 at Kishori Nursing Home, Bargarh, Odisha. Data were collected from both indoor and outdoor patients, and a total of 250 individuals were assessed, among whom 29 individuals were diagnosed with PCOD. Age-related analysis indicated that the highest number of PCOD cases was observed in the 21–24 years age group. Sleep assessment revealed that moderate to severe sleep disturbances were common among participants, whereas dietary analysis showed that unhealthy and moderately balanced diets were associated with increased PCOD prevalence. Irregular menstruation, weight gain, hair fall, acne, and mood disturbances were the major symptoms observed among affected individuals. The findings indicate that age, sleep quality, and dietary behaviour significantly influence the occurrence and progression of PCOD. Early diagnosis, lifestyle modification, proper sleep management, and balanced nutrition may contribute substantially to reducing disease severity and improving reproductive health outcomes among women.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF HIGH-FIDELITY SIMULATION VERSUS CONVENTIONAL TEACHING IN IMPROVING KNOWLEDGE, CLINICAL SKILLS, AND TEAM DYNAMICS IN MANAGING OBSTETRIC EMERGENCIES AMONG MBBS INTERNS: A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED STUDY
Background: Simulation-based medical education has been shown to improve clinical competence, communication, and patient safety. However, evidence comparing simulation with conventional teaching methods among MBBS interns in obstetric emergencies remains limited, especially in Indian settings. Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of high-fidelity obstetric simulation training versus conventional teaching methods in improving knowledge, clinical skills, and teamwork among MBBS interns. Methodology: A Prospective randomized control trail was conducted in a simulation and skills centre, tertiary care teaching hospitals, including 100 MBBS interns with 50 participants in each the groups of simulation and conventional teaching. Assessment of knowledge, clinical skills, teamwork and communication were evaluated over a 3 months of time period. Continuous variables were analyzed using paired t-test and independent t-test and categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square test using SPSS Version28. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Both the groups demonstrated statistical significance in simulation based training and conventional teaching. Post test knowledge scores were significantly higher in the simulation group compared to conventional group (31.4 ± 3.8 vs 26.9 ± 4.2,p<0.001). Total OSCE scores is significantly higher in simulation group (82.4±6.5 vs 68.7±7.8,p<0.001). CATs scores depicted superior teamwork and communication performance in the simulation group (86±6.2 vs 72.5±7.1,p<0.001). Confidence improvement and knowledge retention at one month showed significantly higher among simulation group. Participant satisfaction was higher in the simulation group. Conclusion: High-fidelity simulation-based training is significantly more effective than conventional teaching in improving knowledge, clinical skills and teamwork and communication in managing obstetric among MBBS interns. Implementation of simulation -based training into undergraduate medical curriculum improves handling of real-world emergencies and patient safety.
EVALUATION OF ANTIDIARRHEAL, ANTIMICROBIAL, AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT FROM ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE LEAVES IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS
Anacardium occidentale, a member of the Anacardiaceae family, is a major source of anacardic acid, primarily obtained from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). Interest in this compound has grown due to its unique chemical structure, which combines a salicylic acid ring with an alkyl side chain, giving it important biological and physicochemical properties useful in medicine and industry. Research shows that anacardic acid possesses antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiarrheal activities. Its antioxidant effect is linked to phenolic hydroxyl groups that neutralize free radicals, while its antibacterial action is believed to involve disruption of microbial metabolic pathways and cell membranes. The compound may also help treat diarrheal disorders by reducing inflammation and regulating intestinal secretion and motility. The biological activity of anacardic acid is influenced by factors such as extraction methods, storage conditions, and standardization. Antioxidant potential is commonly evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. The medicinal importance of the cashew plant is also supported by its long-standing use in traditional medicine, particularly in Ayurveda, where it is valued for promoting digestive health.
Assessment of Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
Chronic Kidney Disease is a long-term and irreversible condition in which the kidneys progressively lose their ability to filter waste materials and regulate fluid and electrolyte levels in the body. This has become a significant global health issue due to its rising prevalence and its connection with non-communicable diseases such as Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension. CKD greatly elevates the risk of cardiovascular diseases, end-stage renal failure, and early death, placing a significant strain on healthcare systems, especially in low- and middle-income nations.In tertiary care hospitals, many patients are diagnosed at advanced stages of CKD, as early stages typically show no symptoms and public awareness of the disease remains low. Late diagnosis and limited access to routine screenings further aggravate disease outcomes. Analyzing the prevalence and risk factors of CKD in tertiary care settings helps pinpoint high-risk groups, prevalent contributing factors, and shortcomings in early detection and prevention efforts. These studies can enhance patient awareness, encourage early diagnosis, and assist in adopting better management practices to lower complications and boost quality of life for CKD patients.
A Study to Assess the Efficacy and Prescribing Pattern of Antibiotics in Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Among Inpatients and Outpatients
Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) remain a major cause of morbidity and hospitalisation worldwide, particularly among elderly individuals and patients with underlying comorbidities. Appropriate antibiotic therapy plays a crucial role in the management of LRTIs, as rational prescribing can improve clinical outcomes while minimising adverse drug reactions and antimicrobial resistance. Evaluating the prescribing pattern and therapeutic outcomes of antibiotics in LRTI patients is therefore essential to promote effective and safe clinical practice. Objectives: - The present study aimed to assess the efficacy and prescribing pattern of antibiotics in patients with Lower Respiratory Tract Infection among inpatients and outpatients, as well as to evaluate the occurrence of adverse drug reactions and treatment outcomes. A prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital involving patients diagnosed with LRTIs. Demographic details, clinical diagnosis, antibiotic therapy, duration of treatment, and adverse drug reactions were recorded using a structured data collection form. The severity of pneumonia was assessed using the CURB-65 score. Clinical outcomes were evaluated based on improvement in symptoms, vital signs, laboratory parameters, and radiological findings. The majority of patients were elderly, with the highest proportion belonging to the 71–80 years age group, and a slight male predominance (56%) was observed. Among the LRTIs identified, Pneumonia (38%) was the most common condition, followed by Bronchitis (34%) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation (28%). Empirical antibiotic therapy was used in 60% of patients, while culture-guided therapy was used in 40%. The most prescribed antibiotics included Azithromycin (25%), Levofloxacin (22%), Meropenem (20%), Piperacillin –Tazobactam (18%), and Ceftriaxone (15%). Adverse drug reactions were observed in 53% of patients, predominantly mild gastrointestinal disturbances and skin rash. Clinical outcomes showed that 40% of patients recovered completely, 25% improved, 15% remained unchanged, and 20% deteriorated.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF LACTOBACILLUS SALIVARIUS PROBIOTIC GEL AND CHLORHEXIDINE GEL AS AN ADJUNCT TO SCALING AND ROOT PLANING IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL STUDY
Aim: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of probiotic gel containing Lactobacillus salivarius and chlorhexidine gel as adjunct to scaling and root planing in patients with chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Group I (n = 24) received scaling and root planing (SRP) followed by local application of Lactobacillus salivarius probiotic gel, while Group II (n = 24) received SRP followed by chlorhexidine gel. Clinical parameters, including plaque index, sulcular bleeding index, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment level, were recorded at baseline and after 3 months. Intragroup and intergroup comparisons were performed using appropriate statistical tests, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Intragroup comparison showed significant improvement in all clinical parameters at 3 months (p < 0.05). Intergroup comparison at 3 months showed significantly lower PPD and CAL in the probiotic group (p < 0.05), while PI and SBI were comparable (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Probiotic gel containing Lactobacillus salivarius used as an adjunct to SRP demonstrated superior clinical improvement in probing pocket depth and clinical attachment levels compared to chlorhexidine gel.
A Cross-Sectional Study to Assess the Health-Related Quality Of Life in Hemodialysis Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kakinada
In our study, individuals undergoing hemodialysis with various comorbidities, including social issues, mental health conditions, and physical health problems, were assessed. The study involved 206 participants, including both males and females. We used the KDQOL-36 questionnaire and collected data by interviewing patients based on the items included in the questionnaire. Information was obtained by asking patients about their symptoms and health conditions. This prospective observational study was conducted in October 2024 among CKD patients (aged above 10 years) undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). A total of 206 patients were selected using convenience sampling from the Nephrology Department of Trust Multi-Speciality Hospitals, covering surrounding villages of Kakinada District, Andhra Pradesh. Ethical clearance was obtained for the study. The total number of hemodialysis patients included in the study was 206, and all age groups were considered. In this study, males were more affected by end-stage renal disease (ESRD) compared to females. There were 126 male patients and 80 female patients. The analysis showed that certain variables were statistically significant, including muscle soreness, personal appearance concerns, nausea, lack of appetite, dry skin, itchy skin, and cramps. Some variables were found to be statistically significant, while others were not significant based on p-values. Overall, the findings suggest that many patients reported a relatively good quality of life, despite the presence of symptoms and comorbid conditions.
Two Dimensional QSAR of Novel Pyrazole-Benzimidazole Derivatives for Anti-Tumor Activity Against Hct116 Cell Line
The present study aimed to develop and validate two-dimensional Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (2D-QSAR) models for novel pyrazole-benzimidazole derivatives to predict their anti-tumor activity against the HCT116 cancer cell line. A dataset of 37 derivatives reported in previous studies was selected, and IC50 values were converted into pIC50 for correlation analysis. Molecular structures were drawn using ChemDraw, energy-minimized with Chem3D MM2, and further optimized using MOPAC. Physicochemical descriptors, including molar refractivity, molecular mass, partition coefficient (LogP), LogS, and polar surface area, were calculated. Statistical analysis and model generation were performed using VALSTAT through multiple linear regression (MLR) with stepwise variable selection. Several QSAR models were generated, among which Model 1 showed the best statistical performance with r² = 0.1078 and standard deviation = 0.1464. The study revealed that molar refractivity, lipophilicity, and polar surface area significantly influenced cytotoxic activity. Increased molar refractivity and lipophilicity were associated with enhanced anti-tumor activity, indicating that bulky and less polar substituents favored enzyme inhibition. In contrast, higher polar surface area negatively affected activity. Validation using cross-validation and external test set prediction confirmed the predictive reliability of the developed models, with predicted pIC50 values closely matching experimental observations except for a few outliers. Overall, the findings demonstrate that steric and electronic properties play a crucial role in determining the anti-tumor potential of pyrazole-benzimidazole derivatives and may assist in designing improved chemotherapeutic candidates.
Analytical Method Development for Complex Drug Delivery Systems: Nanoparticles, Liposomes, and Nanosponges
Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems (NDDS), including nanoparticles, liposomes, and nanosponges, have significantly transformed modern pharmaceutical research by addressing the limitations of conventional drug delivery approaches. These systems enhance drug solubility, stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery, thereby improving therapeutic outcomes. However, their complex structure and multi-component nature necessitate the development of robust and reliable analytical methods for effective characterisation. This review focuses on analytical method development strategies for NDDS, emphasising critical quality attributes such as particle size, zeta potential, drug loading, morphology, drug release, and stability. Various analytical techniques, including physicochemical, spectroscopic, chromatographic, thermal, and advanced imaging methods, are discussed for comprehensive characterisation. The review also highlights challenges associated with analytical method development, including system complexity, separation difficulties, stability issues, and reproducibility concerns. A comparative analysis of nanoparticles, liposomes, and nanosponges is presented to illustrate their distinct properties and analytical requirements. Furthermore, regulatory considerations and validation parameters based on ICH guidelines are addressed. Finally, emerging trends such as real-time monitoring tools and personalised nanomedicine are explored, providing insights into future advancements in analytical methodologies for complex drug delivery systems.
SHORT TERM OUTCOME OF ACUTE BRONCHIOLITIS IN CHILDREN OF 1 MONTH TO 24 MONTHS ADMITTED IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE
Background: Acute bronchiolitis is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants, often resulting in hospitalization. Identification of demographic, clinical, and perinatal risk factors is crucial for early management and prevention of severe disease. Objectives: To study the clinical profile, severity, and outcomes of children with acute bronchiolitis and to identify factors associated with severe disease. Methods: This observational study included 97 children diagnosed with acute bronchiolitis. Data on age, gender, socioeconomic status, perinatal history, feeding, anthropometry, immunization, comorbidities, clinical features, laboratory findings, respiratory support, hospital stay, and outcomes were collected. Severity was classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Statistical analysis assessed associations between clinical and demographic factors and disease severity. Results: The majority of cases (65%) were infants under six months, with peak incidence at four months. Male predominance was observed (56.7%). Most children belonged to lower middle and upper lower socioeconomic classes (81.44%). Common clinical features included cough (100%), fever (61.8%), and respiratory distress (51.5%). Hypoxemia was present in 29.7%, and complications included secondary pneumonia (55.5%) and hypoxia (41.6%). Comorbidities were uncommon but included congenital heart disease (4.12%) and neurodevelopmental delay (2.06%). Severity was significantly associated with low birth weight (p=0.023), anemia (p=0.029), and lower socioeconomic status (p=0.002), while gender, prematurity, and environmental exposures showed no significant correlation. The mean hospital stay was 3.75 ±1.9 days. All patients recovered without mortality. Conclusion: Acute bronchiolitis predominantly affects young infants and is generally mild. Low birth weight, anemia, and low socioeconomic status increase the risk of severe disease. Early identification of high-risk infants and vigilant supportive care are essential to improve outcomes.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF BIFONAZOLE-LOADED TRANSFEROSOMAL TOPICAL GEL FOR DEEPER DERMAL DELIVERY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TINEA PEDIS AND TINEA CORPORIS
The present study aimed to develop and evaluate a Bifonazole-loaded transferosomal gel for enhanced dermal drug delivery in the treatment of superficial fungal infections. Bifonazole exhibits limited skin penetration in conventional topical formulations results in substandard therapeutic results. In this present study Bifonazole Transferosomes were prepared using Soya lecithin phospholipids (vesicle formers) and Tween 80 (edge activator) by the thin-film hydration method. Total of 9 formulations F1-F9 were designed using 32 full factorial design. Two variables are soya lecithin amount and Tween 80 amount. The amount of drug kept constant in all the 9 formulations. All the formulations were evaluated for % entrapment efficiency and in-vitro drug membrane diffusion studies. Among all, F6 showed highest % EE and higher in-vitro drug diffusion. We concluded that F6 is the optimised formulation and further, this F6 optimised formulation was evaluated for vesicle size, PDI, and zeta potential. The best formulation F6 was incorporated into an empty Carbopol gel base to prepare Bifonazole transferosomal gel. This gel was evaluated for pH, spreadability, skin irritation, drug content, and viscosity. Furthermore, % of in-vitro membrane drug diffusion studies was conducted for both prepared Bifonazole transferosomal gel and the marketed Bifonazole (Brand: Bi-fone) gel. The transferosomal gel demonstrated significantly enhanced drug release, achieving 97.03% release at 9 h compared to 49.30% from the marketed gel. The enhancement factor was found to be 4.57 at 1 h and 1.97 at 9 h, indicating improved permeation.
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC, CLINICAL PROFILE OF ACUTE BRONCHIOLITIS IN CHILDREN OF 1MONTH TO 24 MONTHS ADMITTED IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE
Background: Acute bronchiolitis is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection and hospitalization in infants, particularly during early infancy. It remains a significant contributor to pediatric morbidity, especially in developing countries. Objectives: To evaluate the sociodemographic profile, clinical characteristics, severity, and short-term outcomes of children admitted with acute bronchiolitis, and to identify factors associated with disease severity. Methods: This hospital-based prospective observational study was conducted over 15 months (March 2023 to May 2024) in a tertiary care center. A total of 97 children aged 1–24 months diagnosed with bronchiolitis based on standard clinical criteria were included. Data on demographics, clinical features, laboratory findings, risk factors, and outcomes were collected and analyzed using SPSS. Categorical variables were expressed as proportions, and continuous variables as mean ± standard deviation. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean age was 5.4 ± 3.4 months, with peak incidence at 4 months (19.58%). Males constituted 56.7% of cases. The majority of children belonged to lower middle (45.36%) and upper lower (36.08%) socioeconomic classes. Cough was present in all cases, followed by fever (61.8%) and respiratory distress (51.5%). Hypoxia (SpO₂ <95%) was observed in 29.7% of children. Laboratory findings revealed lymphocyte predominance (72.7%) and leukocytosis (56.7%). Most cases were mild (69%), while 18.6% were classified as severe. Significant predictors of severity included low socioeconomic status (p = 0.002), low birth weight (p = 0.023), and anemia (p = 0.029). No mortality was observed. Conclusion: Acute bronchiolitis predominantly affects young infants and is strongly influenced by socioeconomic and nutritional factors. Early identification of high-risk children and targeted interventions can help reduce disease severity and improve clinical outcomes.
RP-HPLC FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF CHLORPHENIRAMINE MALEATE AND DEXTROMETHORPHAN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATION
Objective: The present study aimed to develop and validate a novel, simple, rapid, and precise RP-HPLC (Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) method for the simultaneous estimation of Chlorpheniramine Maleate (CPM) and Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide (DXM) in combined pharmaceutical dosage forms. Methods: Using an isocratic mobile phase composed of Phosphate Buffer (pH 6.2): Acetonitrile: Methanol in the ratio of 35:34:31 (v/v), a Spherisorb 5µ CN column (250 mm x 4.6 mm) was used to optimize chromatographic separation. The flow rate was 1.5 mL/min. The column temperature throughout runs was held at 40°C and detection used 228 nm with an injection volume of 20 µL. The method was validated comprehensively according to general ICH Q2(R1) guidelines for the outtake of specificity, linearity, accuracy and precision. Results: The method was capable of providing sharp, well-resolved peaks for CPM and DXM at retention times of 6.53 min and 8.18 min, respectively. The method showed excellent linearity in the range of 80-120% of the test concentration for both drugs. Correlation coefficients (r²) were 0.9995 for CPM and 0.9998 for DXM. The accuracy, determined by recovery studies, was mean recoveries of 98.96-101.16% for CPM and 95.87-98.06% for DXM. The method was precise with %RSD for repeatability and intermediate precision both being less than 1% of that measured (1.9-0.39% respectively) for both analytes. Robustness studies confirmed that the method remained unaffected by minor, intentional variations in chromatographic parameters. Conclusion: The present RP-HPLC method is simple, accurate, precise, robust, and specific. It provides a means for simple simultaneous determination of CPM and DXM in combined pharmaceutical formulations. It is an ideal method for routine quality control and KNP analysis of all pharmaceutical formulas containing Chlorpheniramine Maleate and Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF ICHTHAMMOL-LOADED NIOSOMAL GEL FOR ENHANCED TOPICAL DERMAL DELIVERY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ECZEMA AND PSORIASIS
Ichthammol is a widely used topical agent for inflammatory dermatomes such as eczema and psoriasis. However, conventional formulations suffer from limitations including poor skin penetration and limited drug retention at the target site. The present study aimed to develop and evaluate an Ichthammol-loaded niosomal gel for improved dermal drug delivery. Ichthammol niosomes were prepared by thin-film hydration cum sonication method using Span 60 or Tween 80, combined with cholesterol in varying ratios. Six formulations (F1–F6) were prepared and best formulation was selected based on entrapment efficiency (%EE) and in vitro release. Among all F3 formulation (Span 60: cholesterol ratio1:1.5) exhibited 89.18 ± 0.84% EE, and 91.81 % in vitro drug release. Further, it shows excellent mean particle size 210 nm, PDI 0.235, and zeta potential −29.8 mV. The best niosomal dispersion F3 was incorporated into a Carbopol 940 gel. The final niosomal gel showed pH 6.4 ± 0.12, Spreadability 18.6 ± 0.45 g·cm/s, viscosity 32,500 ± 210 cps, drug content 98.72 ± 0.84%, and no skin irritation. In vitro diffusion studies demonstrated 91.81% cumulative release over 12 h, significantly higher than the marketed Ichthammol gel (60.2%).Release kinetics followed the Higuchi model, indicating diffusion-controlled release. These findings suggest that Ichthammol niosomal gel offers enhanced penetration, sustained release, and improved therapeutic potential for chronic inflammatory skin conditions.
EFFECTIVENESS OF UNANI MEDICATION AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS IN EARLY TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (DHAYĀBĪṭUS SHAKRI): A CLINICAL CASE REPORT
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion or resistance. This case study reports the successful integrative management of a 45-year-old female patient with Type 2 DM using Unani medicine. The patient presented with classical symptoms of diabetes and had a significant family history of the disease. Treatment included QurseZiyabetus Khas and Dawa-e-Musaffi, both traditional Unani formulations with hypoglycemic, detoxifying, and anti-inflammatory properties. Alongside herbal pharmacotherapy, lifestyle and dietary modifications were recommended. Within 1 week, the patient’s blood glucose significantly improved and within 3 months HbA1c levels significantly improved, indicating the potential efficacy of Unani medicine as a complementary approach in early-stage diabetes management. Continued monitoring and adherence to lifestyle changes are essential for long-term benefits and complication prevention.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF IBUPROFEN AND CHLORZOXAZONE SUSPENSION USING NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC SUSPENDING AGENTS
The present study was undertaken to formulate and evaluate an oral suspension of Ibuprofen and Chlorzoxazone using natural and synthetic suspending agents, with the objective of comparing their influence on physicochemical properties and suspension stability. Ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and Chlorzoxazone, a centrally acting muscle relaxant, are widely prescribed in musculoskeletal disorders but exhibit poor aqueous solubility, making suspension formulation a suitable approach for improving patient compliance. Four formulations (F1–F4) were prepared by the trituration method using methylcellulose as a synthetic suspending agent and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seed powder as a natural suspending agent at different concentrations. Preformulation studies, including melting point determination and FTIR spectroscopy, confirmed the identity and purity of both drugs. The prepared suspensions were evaluated for particle size, sedimentation volume, viscosity, flow rate, pH, swelling index, and phytochemical characteristics. Among the formulations, F2 exhibited the highest viscosity and sedimentation volume with the lowest flow rate, indicating superior physical stability, while F4 demonstrated acceptable stability with improved homogeneity using a natural suspending agent. All formulations showed pH values within an acceptable range for oral administration. The swelling index and phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of mucilage and other bioactive constituents in fenugreek seed powder, supporting its role as an effective natural suspending agent. The study demonstrates that natural suspending agents can serve as promising alternatives to synthetic polymers in suspension formulations.
STABILITY INDICATING METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF VADADUSTAT BY USING HPLC IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM.
A simple, rapid, precise, sensitive and reproducible reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of Vadadustat in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Chromatographic separation of Vadadustat was achieved on Waters Alliance-e2695, by using Waters Luna Phenyl Hexyl (150x4.6mm, 3.5µm) column and the mobile phase containing Acetonitrile and 0.1% TFA in the ratio of 40:60% v/v. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min; detection was carried out by absorption at 257nm using a photodiode array detector at ambient temperature. The number of theoretical plates and tailing factor for Vadadustat were NLT 2000 and should not be more than 2, respectively. % Relative standard deviation of peak areas of all measurements is always less than 2.0. The proposed method was validated according to ICH guidelines. The method was found to be a simple, economical, suitable, precise, accurate & robust method for quantitative analysis of Vadadustat.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A FORCED DEGRADATION UPLC METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF EPLERENONE AND TORSEMIDE IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM
Aim: To develop and validate a rapid, sensitive, and stability-indicating Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatographic (UPLC) method for simultaneous estimation of Torsemide (TOR) and Eplerenone (EPL) in combined pharmaceutical dosage forms. Methods: Chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC system with a C-18 BEH column (1.7 µm, 2.1 x 50 mm) using an isocratic mobile phase of Phosphate Buffer (pH 4.0) and Acetonitrile in a ratio of 40:60 (v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. Detection was performed at 230 nm. The method was validated in accordance with the recommendations outlined in ICH Q2(R1) for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and forced degradation studies. Results:The retention times of Torsemide and Eplerenone were 1.267 and 2.133 minutes, respectively, with a total run time of 4 minutes. The developed method showed remarkable linearity for the range 2-16 µg/ml for Torsemide (r² = 0.9999) and 5-40 µg/ml for Eplerenone (r² = 0.9998). Recovery percentages validated the accuracy, with rates ranging from 99.30% to 99.84%. The method validation parameters, such as precision (%RSD < 0.21) and robustness, also established that the method is reliable. Under basic and oxidative forced degradation conditions, 25.2% (for TOR) and 57.7% (for EPL) and 22.5% (for TOR) and 83.6% (for EPL) degradations were observed, respectively. At the same time, the two drugs remained stable under acidic, photolytic, and thermal stress. Conclusion: The UPLC method developed was found to be accurate, precise, robust, and stability-indicating. The technique can be employed for routine QC and stability studies of these drugs, in bulk and combined dosage forms.
A STUDY ON THE ROLE OF SOCIOECONOMIC AND EDUCATIONAL FACTORS IN CANCER PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OUTCOMES.
Cancer comprises a broad group of diseases characterised by uncontrolled cell growth with the potential to invade surrounding tissues and metastasise to distant organs, making it a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Globally, cancer accounts for approximately 9.6 million deaths annually, ranking as the second leading cause of death. This study aims to explore and analyse the impact of socioeconomic and educational factors on cancer prevention, diagnosis, treatment acceptance, and overall patient outcomes. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered to cancer patients, capturing demographic variables such as age, gender, education level, income, employment status, and access to healthcare, along with information on prevention practices, diagnostic experiences, treatment acceptance, and clinical outcomes. The questionnaire also assessed health literacy, participation in screening programs, lifestyle modifications, willingness to undergo various treatment modalities, recovery time, survival, and quality of life. The findings underscore that individuals from lower socioeconomic and educational backgrounds experience significant barriers, including limited healthcare access, poor health awareness, delayed diagnosis, and reduced acceptance of standard treatments, leading to poorer outcomes. The study emphasises the necessity of targeted public health interventions, enhanced health education, and policy reforms to mitigate disparities and to improve cancer outcomes among vulnerable populations.
A RARE PRESENTATION OF INFANTILE TREMOR SYNDROME: OVERCOMING MALNUTRITION AND INFECTIONS IN A PAEDIATRIC PATIENT
Infantile Tremor Syndrome (ITS) is a rare neuro-nutritional disorder observed in young children, characterized by tremors, malnutrition, and developmental regression. This case report details a 4-year-old female patient weighing 5.2 kg, who was admitted due to recurrent vomiting, refusal to consume solid food, and progressive skin peeling. A physical examination revealed hyperpigmented patches, exfoliation, and erosions on the scalp, trunk, and extremities, along with mucosal lesions indicative of zinc deficiency. Developmental assessment indicated delayed milestones, such as poor neck control and an inability to stand or walk, suggesting the presence of coexisting cerebral palsy. The patient was diagnosed with ITS complicated by severe malnutrition and dermatological symptoms resembling acrodermatitis enteropathica. Management strategies included nutritional rehabilitation utilizing an F-75 diet, supplementation with zinc and multivitamins, antifungal treatment (fluconazole syrup), topical mupirocin for skin protection, and ophthalmic intervention for corneal opacity. Significant clinical improvement was noted following supplementation and supportive care. This case underscores the necessity of early identification, thorough nutritional evaluation, and multidisciplinary management-including pharmacological, dietary, and counseling interventions—for children with ITS. Pharmacists are crucial in ensuring the appropriateness of drug therapy, preventing drug-nutrient interactions, and educating caregivers for long-term disease prevention and nutritional recovery. Early detection and integrated management are vital for enhancing outcomes in ITS and preventing recurrence.
DETERMINATION OF POLYPHENOL CONTENT AND EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN EXTRACTS FROM THE CHRYSOPOGON NIGRITANUS PLANT
Chrysopogon nigritanus is a plant traditionally used for various purposes, particularly in traditional medicine due to its various properties of pharmaceutical and cosmetic properties. From a scientific point of view, this plant has not been widely studied, particularly in the field of pharmacology. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of C. nigritanus roots using the DPPH and FRAP methods as well as to determine its polyphenolic compound content, which is directly related to this activity. Four extracts obtained by successive maceration according to a polarity gradient (cyclohexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water) were studied. The results of the DPPH assay revealed significant antioxidant activity for all extracts, with respective IC50 values of 2.445; 0.555; 0.052 and 0.115 mg/mL, compared to 0.002 mg/mL for ascorbic acid used as a reference. The FRAP assay showed an increase in reducing power proportional to the concentration of the extracts, thus confirming the results obtained with the DPPH assay. These results suggest that C. nigritanus roots are a potential source of natural antioxidant compounds.
Copyright (c) 2026 Absa Diop, Mareme Thiaw, Issa Samb, Mohamed Lamine Gaye https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formulation and evaluation of antiarthritic herbal chocolate: a review
Anti arthritic Herbal chocolate it is selected by medicinal herbs with proven anti inflammatory and antioxidant property such as Turmeric ( Curcuma Longa), Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) they are rich in flavonoids.They can enhance therapeutic efficacy through the synergestic antioxidant activity while improve patient safety to pleasant or good taste of chocolate. It is easy to chew and absorb easily in every humans. The formulated chocolate show significant inhibition of protein denaturation indicate potent antiarthritic potential.The formulations are evaluated by stability invitro antiarthritic acting protein denaturation and membrane stabilization assays.It is derived from the cocoa mixed fat. Sesame is herbal drug having some medicinal properties like anti arthritis property, antioxidant property. It can prevent rheumatoid arthritis Sesame used to improve the blood pressure and this sesame we have to formulate the chocolate for the extraction process. So, it is patient friendly and approach for manage the arthritis.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A brief review on premenstrual syndrome with common menstrual diseases
The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is often associated with emotional and physical symptoms that characterize premenstrual syndrome (PMS), a common cyclic condition affecting women in their young and middle reproductive years. Symptoms may include low mood, mood swings, headaches, fatigue, abdominal discomfort, and breast tenderness. Women with mild symptoms should be educated about healthy eating, reducing sodium and caffeine intake, engaging in regular exercise, and practicing stress-management techniques. Among all menstrual-related disorders, PMS contributes significantly to physical and psychological disruptions in women and their families. Approximately 90% of reproductive-age women report experiencing at least one symptom in the days preceding menstruation. These symptoms can influence behavior and overall well-being, affecting social, professional, and family life. Supportive strategies, such as maintaining a symptom diary, can assist in diagnosis and management. Treatment for mild PMS includes lifestyle modifications and, when necessary, pharmacological interventions. Nutritional supplements such as evening primrose oil and calcium may offer modest benefits. PMS affects an estimated 30–40% of women of reproductive age, although the severity and impact on daily functioning vary widely. In many developing countries, including India, menstruation is stigmatized, which often prevents women from seeking appropriate care for their physical and emotional symptoms.
A review on nanomaterials for cartilage repair: innovations in scaffold design and drug delivery
Cartilage damage and osteoarthritis remain major clinical challenges due to the tissue’s poor self-healing capacity and limited regenerative potential. Conventional treatments fail to restore native function, underscoring the need for advanced therapeutic strategies. Nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for cartilage repair because of their ability to mimic the extracellular matrix, provide structural support, and enable targeted drug delivery. This review highlights recent innovations in nanomaterial-based scaffolds and drug delivery systems for cartilage regeneration. Nanofibers and nanoscaffolds reproduce the fibrous structure of cartilage, while nanoparticles enable controlled release of growth factors, anti-inflammatory drugs, and genetic material. Hydrogels reinforced with nanomaterials offer injectable, bioactive environments, and nanocomposites provide mechanical stability alongside bioactivity. Advances in scaffold design, including biomimetic architectures, biofunctionalization, and 3D bioprinting, are enhancing integration and functional outcomes. Preclinical studies have demonstrated encouraging results in vitro and in vivo, while early clinical trials indicate translational potential. Future perspectives include the development of personalized 3D-printed scaffolds, multifunctional smart nanomaterials, and integration with regenerative medicine approaches. Collectively, nanotechnology represents a transformative platform for durable and functional cartilage repair.
Vithuvagai chooranam and its role in siddha management of male infertility: a comprehensive review.
Infertility is a growing global health concern, with male factors contributing to approximately 20–40% of cases. In the Siddha system of medicine, male infertility is referred to as Aan Maladu and is traditionally managed through formulations aimed at enhancing reproductive vitality. One such classical polyherbal formulation is Vithuvagai Chooranam (VVC), widely used to improve semen quality, increase virility, and support male reproductive health. This review explores both classical Siddha references and modern pharmacological evidence related to the efficacy of VVC. It comprises ten ingredients, including Vigna mungo, Sesamum indicum, Mucuna pruriens, Hygrophila auriculata, Curculigo orchioides, and Asparagus racemosus. These herbs are rich in bioactive compounds known for their spermatogenic, aphrodisiac, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Scientific studies support the role of these herbs in enhancing sperm count, motility, testosterone levels, and overall reproductive function. The formulation aligns with Siddha concepts of Udal thathukkal balance and Vali-Azhal-Iyyam regulation. Given its broad pharmacological profile and traditional utility, VVC represents a promising and safe natural alternative for managing male infertility. However, further experimental and clinical validation is essential to substantiate its therapeutic claims and integrate it into evidence-based reproductive healthcare.
Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Athimathuram Chooranam: An In Vitro Study
Background: Infectious diseases remain a significant global health burden by rising threat to antibiotic resistance. According to Siddha literature, Athimathura Chooranam is a traditional herbal remedy that is used to relieve nausea, vomiting,head ache, Pitham and body itching. Aim/Objective The aim of the study is to investigate the Anti-microbial activity of Athimathura Chooranam against various micro-organisms and to determine its potential as a natural antimicrobial agent against various pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC29213), Bacillus cereus(Clinical Cochin University), Klebsiella pneumonia(ATCC-700603),Escherichia coli(ATCC 25922)and Candida albicans (Clinical Cochin University).Methods Athimathura Chooranam was tested by agar-well diffusion method.The medium was prepared by using Mueller Hinton Agar and Sabouraud dextrose media which was subsequently autoclaved. Results The Anti-microbial activity of Athimathuram Chooranam was assessed against five microbial cultures: two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus), two gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae), and one fungal Strain (Candida albicans). The Chooranam was tested at concentrations of 25mg/mL and 50mg/mL.It showed significant zone of inhibitions of 18 mm for Staphylococcus aureus,16mm for Bacillus cereus,24 mm for Klebsiella pneumoniae,25 mm for Escherichaicoli, and 23 mm for Candida albicans. This indicates that Athimathuram Chooranam exhibits antimicrobial properties against a broad Spectrum of microbial organisms.
A study on the effectiveness of various treatment approaches for bronchiolitis
Bronchiolitis is a major cause of hospitalisation in infants, and its management varies widely across clinical settings. This observational study, conducted at SVS Medical College & Hospital over six months with 80 patients, assessed treatment patterns and outcomes. Bronchiolitis was most common in infants aged 5–8 months, with a higher incidence in males and rural populations, and mild disease was predominant. Treatment showed significant variation: intravenous fluids, especially dextrose normal saline with potassium supplementation, were frequently used to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance; parenteral antibiotics such as Augmentin were selectively administered when bacterial infection was suspected; and oral therapies including paracetamol, ambroxol, and vitamin D3 drops provided symptomatic relief. Saline nasal drops were universally prescribed, highlighting their essential role in airway clearance, while nebulised budesonide and salbutamol were used occasionally depending on severity. Heated Humidified High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HHHFNC) therapy was identified as the main supportive intervention, enhancing oxygenation and reducing respiratory distress. Overall, the combination of parenteral fluids, oral medications, nasal saline drops, and supportive care led to shorter hospital stays and quicker recovery, whereas reliance solely on supportive care and saline drops without targeted therapies was associated with extended hospitalisation. These findings emphasise the importance of integrated, evidence-based management strategies in bronchiolitis.
Heated Humidified High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HHHFNC)
Quality control parameters and safety profile of siddha herbal formulation: pirandai vadagam.
Introduction: Pirandai Vadagam is a traditional Siddha herbal formulation recommended for managing digestive disturbances and inflammatory disorders. It is prepared using thirteen medicinal ingredients. Establishing reliable quality control standards is crucial to ensure its safety, efficacy, and therapeutic consistency.Objective: The present study was undertaken to develop and validate quality control parameters for Pirandai Vadagam. Methods: The formulation was subjected to evaluation of organoleptic characters, physicochemical properties, heavy metal content, aflatoxin levels, and microbial load. Results: The physicochemical analysis revealed that the loss on drying at 105 °C, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and water-soluble extractive values were 15.38%, 6.18%, 0.93%, and 119.25%, respectively. Microbial counts and aflatoxin levels were found to be within the permissible pharmacopoeial limits. Likewise, the concentrations of heavy metals were within the safe threshold values. Discussion and Conclusion: The established physicochemical parameters of Pirandai Vadagam fall within acceptable standards, indicating stability, purity, and favorable solubility that may enhance bioavailability. The absence of harmful levels of contaminants, heavy metals, and toxins supports the safety of this formulation, thereby justifying its continued use in Siddha clinical practice.
Socio-demographic correlates of perception and awareness of out-of-pocket health expenditures among household heads in gwagwalada area council, abuja, nigeria
In Nigeria, the healthcare financing landscape is dominated by out-of-pocket (OOP) payments. Although the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) was launched in 1999 to mitigate financial hardship, its optional and limited coverage leaves many Nigerians vulnerable. This study aimed to assess the perception, awareness of OOP health expenditures and to explore their associations with socio-demographic characteristics among household heads in Gwagwalada Area Council, Abuja. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 255 household heads using a cluster sampling method. Data were collected via interviewer-assisted questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics were computed, and Chi-square tests were employed to identify associations at a 5% significance level. The majority of respondents were male (86.3%), married (63.9%), and had attained tertiary education (44.3%). About 97.6% viewed OOP health spending unfavorably. Awareness was generally high (81.2%), but significantly lower among respondents from low socio-economic classes (p<0.05). Only 32.5% were enrolled in NHIS. Socio-demographic factors such as age, education, and religion significantly influenced both perception and awareness (p<0.05). High levels of perception and awareness of OOP expenditures exist among household heads particularly among low-income groups. To enhance healthcare utilization and financial protection, targeted policy efforts are needed to expand NHIS coverage and address socio-economic disparities.