Factors that Increase the Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. It comprises Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) The disorder begins in young adulthood. It is characterised by remission and relapse. IBD significantly affects a person’s life more so, their productivity and ability to perform activities of daily living. Although IBD is prevalent in Western countries, the recent epidemiology data shows a rising global prevalence and incidence. Addressing IBD is important. Although it is not significantly associated with high morbidity rates, it is a significant burden to healthcare. Identifying the risk factors of IBD can help in improving preventative measures. Since IBD does not have a known cure, controlling for these factors can minimize the impact of the disease. Some of the risk factors that increase the risk of IBD are genetics, environmental factors such as smoking, diet, lifestyle changes, medications, and intestinal microbiome. Identifying the factors that contribute to the risk of developing IBD can help in creating effective measures that can prevent the pathogenesis of the disease.
Keywords:
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), environmental factors, microbiotaDOI
https://doi.org/10.37022/wjcmpr.v6i1.322References
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5. Aniwan S, Park SH, Loftus EV. Epidemiology, natural history, and risk stratification of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology Clinics. 2017;46(3):463-80.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2017.05.003PMid:28838409
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7. C hen X, Xiang X, Xia W, et al. Evolving trends and burden of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia, 1990-2019: A comprehensive analysis based on the global burden of disease study. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health. 2023;13(4):725-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-023-00145-wPMid:37653213 PMCid:PMC10686927
8. Burisch J, Munkholm P. The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2015;50(8):942-51. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365521.2015.1014407PMid:25687629
9. Park KT, Ehrlich OG, Allen JI, et al. The cost of inflammatory bowel disease: an initiative from the Crohn's & Colitis Foundation. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2020;26(1):1-0. https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izz104PMid:31112238 PMCid:PMC7534391
10. Cai Z, Wang S, Li J. Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a comprehensive review. Frontiers in Medicine. 2021;8:765474. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.765474PMid:34988090 PMCid:PMC8720971
11. Kaplan GG, Ng SC. Understanding and preventing the global increase of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(2):313-21. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.020PMid:27793607
12. Jairath V, Feagan BG. Global burden of inflammatory bowel disease. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2020;5(1):2-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30358-9PMid:31648974
13. Di Rosa C, Altomare A, Imperia E, Spiezia C, Khazrai YM, Guarino MP. The role of dietary fibers in the management of IBD symptoms. Nutrients. 2022;14(22):4775. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224775PMid:36432460 PMCid:PMC9696206
14. Halme L, Paavola-Sakki P, Turunen U, Lappalainen M, Färkkilä M, Kontula K. Family and twin studies in inflammatory bowel disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG. 2006; 12(23):3668. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v12.i23.3668PMid:16773682 PMCid:PMC4087458
15. Tysk C, Lindberg E, Järnerot G, Floderus-Myrhed B. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in an unselected population of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. A study of heritability and the influence of smoking. Gut. 1988;29(7):990-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.29.7.990PMid:3396969 PMCid:PMC1433769
16. Liu JZ, Van Sommeren S, Huang H, et al. Association analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared genetic risk across populations. Nature Genetics. 2015;47(9):979-86. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3359PMid:26192919 PMCid:PMC4881818
17. Liu JZ, Anderson CA. Genetic studies of Crohn's disease: past, present and future. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology. 2014;28(3):373-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2014.04.009PMid:24913378 PMCid:PMC4075408
18. Orholm M, Munkholm P, Langholz E, Nielsen OH, Sørensen TI, Binder V. Familial occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(2):84-88. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199101103240203PMid:1984188
19. Ramos GP, Papadakis KA. Mechanisms of disease: inflammatory bowel diseases. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2019; 94 (1): 155-165). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.09.013PMid:30611442 PMCid:PMC6386158
20. Halfvarson J, Jess T, Magnuson A, et al. Environmental factors in inflammatory bowel disease: a co-twin control study of a Swedish-Danish twin population. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2006;12(10):925-33. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mib.0000228998.29466.acPMid:17012962
21. Ogura Y, Bonen DK, Inohara N, et al. A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature. 2001;411(6837):603-6. https://doi.org/10.1038/35079114PMid:11385577
22. Hugot JP, Chamaillard M, Zouali H, et al. Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature. 2001;411(6837):599-603. https://doi.org/10.1038/35079107PMid:11385576
23. Jostins L, Ripke S, Weersma RK, et al. Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature. 2012;491(7422):119-24. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11582PMid:23128233 PMCid:PMC3491803
24. Owczarek D, Rodacki T, Domagała-Rodacka R, Cibor D, Mach T. Diet and nutritional factors in inflammatory bowel diseases. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2016;22(3):895. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.895PMid:26811635 PMCid:PMC4716043
25. Andersen V, Olsen A, Carbonnel F, Tjønneland A, Vogel U. Diet and risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2012;44(3):185-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2011.10.001PMid:22055893
26. Amre DK, D'souza S, Morgan K, et al. Imbalances in dietary consumption of fatty acids, vegetables, and fruits are associated with risk for Crohn's disease in children. Official Journal of the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG). 2007;102(9):2016-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01411.xPMid:17617201
27. Ananthakrishnan AN, Khalili H, Konijeti GG, et al. A prospective study of long-term intake of dietary fiber and risk of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2013;145(5):970-7. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2013.07.050PMid:23912083 PMCid:PMC3805714
28. Ananthakrishnan AN, Khalili H, Higuchi LM, et al. Higher predicted vitamin D status is associated with reduced risk of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(3):482-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2011.11.040PMid:22155183 PMCid:PMC3367959
29. Clemente-Suárez VJ, Beltrán-Velasco AI, Redondo-Flórez L, Martín-Rodríguez A, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Global impacts of western diet and its effects on metabolism and health: a narrative review. Nutrients. 2023;15(12):2749. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15122749PMid:37375654 PMCid:PMC10302286
30. Ananthakrishnan AN. Environmental risk factors for inflammatory bowel diseases: a review. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2015;60(2):290-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-014-3350-9PMid:25204669 PMCid:PMC4304948
31. Ananthakrishnan AN. Environmental risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2013;9(6):367.
32. Mahid SS, Minor KS, Soto RE, Hornung CA, Galandiuk S. Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. In Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2006; 81 (11);1462-1471. https://doi.org/10.4065/81.11.1462PMid:17120402
33. Cosnes JA, Carbonnel FR, Beaugerie LA, Le Quintrec YV, Gendre JP. Effects of cigarette smoking on the long-term course of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 1996;110(2):424-31. https://doi.org/10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8566589PMid:8566589
34. Benjamin JL, Hedin CR, Koutsoumpas A, et al. Smokers with active Crohn's disease have a clinically relevant dysbiosis of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2012;18(6):1092-100. https://doi.org/10.1002/ibd.21864PMid:22102318
35. Gevers D, Kugathasan S, Denson LA, et al. The treatment-naive microbiome in new-onset Crohn's disease. Cell Host & Microbe. 2014;15(3):382-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2014.02.005PMid:24629344 PMCid:PMC4059512
36. Shaw SY, Blanchard JF, Bernstein CN. Association between the use of antibiotics in the first year of life and pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG). 2010;105(12):2687-92. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2010.398PMid:20940708
37. Ng SC, Tang W, Leong RW, et al. Environmental risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based case-control study in Asia-Pacific. Gut. 2015; 64(7):1063-71. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307410PMid:25217388
38. Strachan DP. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 1989; 299(6710):1259. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.299.6710.1259PMid:2513902 PMCid:PMC1838109
39. Castiglione F, Diaferia M, Morace F, et al., Risk factors for inflammatory bowel diseases according to the "hygiene hypothesis": a case-control, multi-centre, prospective study in Southern Italy. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis. 2012;6(3):324-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crohns.2011.09.003PMid:22405169
40. Cosnes J. Smoking, physical activity, nutrition and lifestyle: environmental factors and their impact on IBD. Digestive Diseases. 2010;28(3):411-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000320395PMid:20926865
41. Bernstein CN. Psychological stress and depression: risk factors for IBD?. Digestive Diseases. 2016;34(1-2):58-63. https://doi.org/10.1159/000442929PMid:26983009
42. Triantafillidis JK, Merikas E, Gikas A. Psychological factors and stress in inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2013;7(3):225-38. https://doi.org/10.1586/egh.13.4PMid:23445232
43. Ye Y, Pang Z, Chen W, Ju S, Zhou C. The epidemiology and risk factors of inflammatory bowel disease. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2015;8(12):22529.
44. Bernstein CN, Shanahan F. Disorders of a modern lifestyle: reconciling the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gut. 2008;57(9):1185-91. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2007.122143PMid:18515412
45. Rozich JJ, Holmer A, Singh S. Effect of lifestyle factors on outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG). 2020;115(6):832-40.https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000608PMid:32224703 PMCid:PMC7274876
46. Swartz AM, Squires L, Strath SJ. Energy expenditure of interruptions to sedentary behavior. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2011; 8:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-69PMid:21708007 PMCid:PMC3141617
47. Baumgart DC, Carding SR. Inflammatory bowel disease: cause and immunobiology. The Lancet. 2007;369(9573):1627-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60750-8PMid:17499605
48. Manichanh C, Borruel N, Casellas F, Guarner F. The gut microbiota in IBD. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2012; 9(10):599-608. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2012.152PMid:22907164
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2024-04-30
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Factors that Increase the Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. World Journal of Current Med and Pharm Research [Internet]. 2024 Apr. 30 [cited 2025 Nov. 5];6(1):65-70. Available from: https://wjcmpr.org/index.php/journal/article/view/322
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How to Cite
1.
Factors that Increase the Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. World Journal of Current Med and Pharm Research [Internet]. 2024 Apr. 30 [cited 2025 Nov. 5];6(1):65-70. Available from: https://wjcmpr.org/index.php/journal/article/view/322
